Electrification in Maritime Vessels: Reviewing Storage Solutions and Long-Term Energy Management,

Ahmet Aksöz ^1,*, Burçak Asal ², Saeed Golestan ³, Merve Gençtürk ⁴, Saadin Oyucu ⁵ and Emre Biçer ^4,*

¹MOBILERS Team, Kayseri University, 38050 Kayseri, Türkiye

² Department of Computer Engineering, Adana Alparslan Türkeş Science and Technology University, 01250 Adana, Türkiye

³ AAU Energy, Aalborg University, DK-9220 Aalborg, Denmark

⁴ Battery Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58010 Sivas, Türkiye

⁵ Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Türkiye

^*Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract

Electric and hybrid marine vessels are marking a new phase of eco-friendly maritime transport, combining electricity and traditional propulsion to boost efficiency and reduce emissions. The industry’s advancements in charging infrastructure and strict regulations help these vessels lead the way toward a sustainable and economically viable future in shipping. In this review, electric and hybrid marine vessels are discussed, including past applications and trend demonstrations. This paper systematically analyzes maritime vessels’ energy management and battery systems, highlighting advances in lithium-based and alternative battery technologies. Additionally, the review examines the impact of these technologies on sustainability and operational efficiency in the maritime industry. This paper contributes to the field by presenting a holistic view of the challenges and solutions associated with the electrification of maritime vessels, aiming to inform future developments and policymaking in this dynamic sector. Unlike many existing reviews that focus exclusively on battery chemistries or energy management algorithms, this manuscript integrates multiple aspects of maritime electrification—including propulsion types, charging infrastructure, grid systems (MVDC), EMS, BMS, and AI applications—into one cohesive systems-level review. This cross-sectional integration is particularly rare in the literature and enhances the practical value of the review for designers, policymakers, and shipbuilders.

Keywords:  e-mobility; electrification; energy management system (EMS); energy storage; Li-ion batteries; marine vessels

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